ERGODIC BILLIARDS

Bunimovich Stadium · Sinai Billiard · Chaotic vs Integrable
The Bunimovich stadium (1979) is a rectangle with semicircular caps — a paradigmatic ergodic billiard. Unlike integrable systems (circle, rectangle), nearby trajectories diverge exponentially. Lyapunov exponent λ > 0 ensures ergodic phase-space coverage.