Eigenvalue Avoided Crossing — Level Repulsion

When two quantum energy levels approach each other as a parameter varies, they generically "avoid" each other rather than crossing — this is von Neumann-Wigner level repulsion. True degeneracies require fine-tuning two parameters simultaneously. The coupling mixes the eigenstates, leading to an anti-crossing with a gap proportional to the off-diagonal interaction strength.

Coupling V₁₂ 0.50
Level slope δ 1.00
Parameter λ 0.00