Ecosystem Energy Flow & Trophic Levels
Parameters
Solar input (kJ/m²/day):
1000
Producer efficiency (%):
2.0
Trophic transfer eff (%):
10
Decomposer fraction (%):
40
Animate
Reset
Lindeman's Rule:
~10% of energy passes between trophic levels. Most energy is lost as heat (respiration).
Pyramid shows biomass/energy at each level. Decomposers recycle nutrients but not energy.
Real systems: producers 1–5% solar capture; transfer efficiency 5–20%.