Carbon supply C (μmol/L)
100
Nitrogen supply N (μmol/L)
10
Phosphorus supply P (μmol/L)
1.0
Consumer C:N:P demand
Limiting:
Growth μ: day⁻¹
Efficiency: %
Stoich. mismatch:
Liebig's Law

Growth = μ_max · min(C/C*, N/N*, P/P*)

The minimum determines growth rate, regardless of other nutrients.

Redfield ratio C:N:P = 106:16:1 — the stoichiometry of marine phytoplankton matches the deep ocean. Coincidence or coevolution?

Stoichiometric mismatch = consumer demand / food supply ratio. High mismatch → P-limited growth → cascades up food webs.