Viscous flow in a square cavity: primary vortex + corner eddies as Re increases
The lid-driven cavity is a benchmark for viscous flow: a square box with a moving top lid (u=1). At low Re, a single primary vortex dominates. As Re increases, secondary counter-rotating corner eddies appear (Moffatt eddies). The steady-state is solved via the stream-function/vorticity formulation.