GRAPHENE DIRAC CONE

Massless Dirac fermions at K and K' points

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OBSERVABLES

v_F (m/s)~10⁶
TopologyBerry π
Half-int QHEσ = ±(n+½)e²/h
H = ℏv_F(σ_x k_x + σ_y k_y) + Δσ_z
Graphene's honeycomb lattice yields linear band crossings at K, K' with Fermi velocity v_F ≈ 10⁶ m/s (c/300). Berry phase π gives anomalous QHE: σ_xy = (n+½)e²/h. A gap Δ breaks inversion symmetry.