Deformable Membrane — Helfrich Model

The Helfrich free energy F = ½κ∫(2H)²dA + κ_G∫K dA governs lipid bilayer shapes. Here a 1D membrane profile evolves under bending rigidity and surface tension, with thermal noise driving undulations.

Bending rigidity κ30
Surface tension σ10
Thermal noise40
Osmotic pressure0