N charges with logarithmic repulsion: E = −∑_{i≠j} log|z_i − z_j| + confinement.
On a circle: equilibrium = N-th roots of unity (eigenvalues of unitary RMT).
On a disk with harmonic confinement: density converges to Wigner semicircle law projected to real axis.
Gradient descent with noise finds near-optimal configurations.