CONVECTION CELLS
Ra (×1000)
30k
Viscosity
5
Diffusion
4
Grid Res
40
Ra = gαΔTd³/νκ
Onset: Ra_c ≈ 1708
Pr = ν/κ (Prandtl)
Rayleigh-Bénard convection: heated from below, cooled on top. Above Ra≈1708 convection rolls emerge spontaneously.