Vicsek Model — Collective Motion & Polar Order

N self-propelled particles align with neighbors within radius R plus angular noise η. At low noise: ordered flocking. At high noise: disordered gas. Order parameter φ = |⟨e^iθ⟩|.

Noise η: 0.30

N particles: 300

Radius R: 0.15

φ = 0.00 | avg θ = 0.00 rad