Climate Energy Balance Model

Budyko-Sellers energy balance model with ice-albedo and water vapor feedbacks. Snowball Earth bistability: the same solar forcing can sustain warm or frozen states.

Temperature:—
Albedo:—
ASR (abs. SW):—
OLR (outgoing LW):—
Net flux:—
dT/dt = (ASR − OLR + ΔF)/C
Ice-albedo: α = α₀ + Δα·tanh((T_ice−T)/ΔT)
T_ice ≈ 263 K (−10°C freezing threshold)
Bistability: warm & snowball both stable!