Cellular Potts Model — Tissue Organization
Cells minimize an energy function combining adhesion (J), volume elasticity (λ), and surface tension. Monte Carlo moves on a lattice produce cell sorting, shape changes, and tissue patterning.
The CPM Hamiltonian H = Σ J(σ,σ') + λΣ(V−V₀)². The Metropolis criterion accepts copy attempts with probability min(1, exp(−ΔH/T)). Differential adhesion (Steinberg 1963) drives cell sorting: cells with stronger like-like adhesion form separate compartments — explaining germ layer organization in embryos.