Cells grow, divide, and compete for space via energy-minimizing Monte Carlo moves
Cellular Potts Model (Graner-Glazier 1992): cells are domains of pixels; energy H = λ(V−V₀)² + Σ J_ij·δ(σᵢ≠σⱼ). Metropolis MC minimizes H. When volume V > 2V₀, the cell divides along a random axis, modeling cytokinesis.