Network A (power grid) ↔ Network B (communication) · failure propagates between layers
SETUP
ATTACK
Ready. Build network and attack.
STATISTICS
Net A alive—
Net B alive—
Cascade round0
Total failed0
Key insight: A node in net A fails if it loses power support (connected component in B fails). A node in net B fails if its A-counterpart fails. This interdependency creates cascading failures far larger than either network alone would suffer.
Buldyrev et al. (2010): interdependent networks have a first-order transition at p_c, unlike the second-order transition in isolated networks.