Cascade Failure in Interdependent Networks

Two coupled networks A and B: failures in A trigger failures in B and vice versa. This mutual dependence causes abrupt first-order collapse (vs. gradual for single networks). Buldyrev et al., Nature 2010.

Initial removal fraction p: 0.30

Avg degree ⟨k⟩: 4.0

Coupling fraction q: 1.0

Network size N: 200

Cascade rounds—

Final |GA| (A giant)—

Final |GB| (B giant)—

Critical p_c (est.)—