Pheromone trails guide ants to near-optimal routes on 30 cities
Ant System algorithm. Each ant builds a tour using pheromone × heuristic (1/distance) probabilities. Pheromone evaporates each iteration, reinforcing good paths.
Iteration
0
Best ACO Distance
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NN Heuristic
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ACO vs NN
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Avg pheromone
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Blue = ACO best | Red dashes = NN baseline. Edge brightness = pheromone intensity.