f(y,x) = r(1 − N*·α(y,x)/K(y)) — invasion fitness
Resident x survives if f(x,x) = 0 (equilibrium)
Mutant y invades if f(y,x) > 0 (PIP: green region)
ESS: ∂f/∂y = 0 at y=x (singular strategy)
CSS (convergent stable): trait evolves to ESS
Branching point: ∂²f/∂y² > 0 at ESS (min selection!)
→ disruptive selection → speciation
σ_c < σ_K: ESS is branching (evolutionary branching)