2D Electron Gas & Quantum Hall Effect
Landau levels, cyclotron orbits, quantized Hall conductance
B field
1.5
Filling ν
2
Electrons
15
Temperature
1
Quantum Hall
σ_xy = νe²/h
Landau levels: Eₙ = ℏωc(n+½)
ωc = eB/m*
Edge states carry current without scattering — topologically protected.
Integer ν = integer Hall effect (von Klitzing 1980, Nobel 1985)